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AI-Enhanced Real-Time Rendering for Laparoscopic Surgical Simulation: Advances and Prospects
DescriptionThis work reviews advances in AI-enhanced real-time rendering for laparoscopic surgical simulation. High-fidelity visualization of tissues and surgical environments has improved training realism, though challenges remain in real-time shadowing and biomechanical accuracy. Artificial intelligence (AI) complements rendering by enabling adaptive learning, objective performance assessment, and personalized feedback. These integrations enhance surgical safety, training efficiency, and scalability. However, high development costs, limited haptic fidelity, and hardware constraints remain obstacles. Future progress depends on mixed reality integration, patient-specific modeling, and collaborative training platforms. This review contributes by consolidating current progress and identifying future directions toward more effective and accessible surgical simulation systems.